Individual Differences Across Cultures
Social Orientation
Relative importance of the interests of the individual vs. the interests of the group.
- Individualism
The interests of the individual take precedence
- Collectivism
The interests of the group take precedence
Power Orientation
The appropriateness of power / authority within organizations
- Power Respect
Authority is inherent in one’s position within a hierarchy
- Power Tolerances
Individuals assess authority in view of its perceived rightness or their own personal interest
Uncertainty Orientation
An emotional response to uncertainty and change
- Uncertainty Acceptance
Positive response to change and view opportunities
- Uncertainty Avoidance
Prefer structure and a consistent routine
Goal Orientation
What motivates people to achieve different goals
- Aggressive Goal Behavior
Value material possessions, money, and assertiveness
- Passive Goal Behavior
Value social relevance, quality of life and the welfare of others
Time Orientation
The extent to which members of a culture adopt a long-term or a short-term outlook on work and life
- Long-Term Outlook
Value dedication, hard work and self-image
- Short-Term Outlook
Place less emphasis on hard work
